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Owing to the enlightenment, the economic status of Western European Jews significantly improved in the 19th century. Many became business owners and manufacturers. Others were engaged in the legal profession, journalism and other white-collar occupations in which they achieved considerable success.
Jews came to be numbered among the greatest philosophers, authors, poets and composers. Their economic and professional success did not, however, fully open the gates of society to them and the path to a career in academia remained inaccessible.
