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The winding paths to equality crossed oceans and continents. They began with the court Jews in Central Europe and the conversos who settled in the Netherlands and France.
Some descendants of the conversos returned to england about 365 years after the Jews had been expelled from there. Others made their way to the New World – initially in Curacao and from there to New Amsterdam (later renamed New York). The conversos’ involvement in the social and commercial affairs of Christian society advanced their integration into modern life, which ultimately led to civic equality.